Research interests include differential effects of sepsis on immune cell function, the role of programmed cell death/apoptosis in immune dysfunction observed following hemorrhage and/or sepsis, as well as the contribution of the apoptotic process to phagocyte mediated acute lung injury resultant from shock and/or septic insults.

Biography

Dr. Ayala is Professor of Surgery (Research) at Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University School of Medicine. He serves/ served as both a standing and an ad hoc member of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Surgery Anesthesia Trauma (SAT)-Study Section, various NIH site visit teams, served on the Veteran's Administration (VA)-Department of Defense (DoD) Merit Review Board, Wellcome Trust as well as Shriners Hospitals. He has been recognized by his peers through election to President (04'-05'), Treasurer (02'-04'), and Scientific Program Chairman (01) of the Shock Society; as selection as Recorder/Executive Council (05'-07') of the Surgical Infection Society, and by appointment to the Society of Leukocyte Biology council (11'-present). Dr. Ayala was also the recipient of the Shock Society's 10th annual 'Scientific Achievement Award' (07')and the 15th annual 'Distinquished Service Award'. He has over 290 manuscripts/review articles to his credit and has been continuously funded by the NIH since 1991. He is also a member of the training faculty of the Brown University Graduate Pathobiology Program and is and adjunct Professor/mentor in the Univ. R.I. graduate program in the Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology. During his tenure at Brown University and previously at Michigan State University he has had the privilege of mentoring students ranging from undergraduates and medical students to residents and post-doctoral fellows. Dr. Ayala's research interests include differential effects of sepsis on immune cell function; the role of programmed cell death/apoptosis in immune dysfunction observed following hemorrhage and/or sepsis; as well as the contribution of the apoptotic process to phagocyte mediated acute lung injury resultant from shock and/or septic insults.

Institutions

RIH

Research Description

The work in our laboratory has centered on understanding the patho-physiological effects of shock/ tissue injury/ sepsis that lead to immune dysfunction and subsequent multiple organ failure in the critically ill trauma patient (through animal modeling and collaborative clinical studies). We have described, over the years, numerous deficits in both components of cell-mediated (T-cell, NKT-cell, gd T-cell, Treg-cell, etc) and innate (macrophage, neutrophil, dendritic cells) immune responsiveness induced by shock or sepsis, which are underpinned by alterations in cell signaling, protein translation and transcription patterns. Particular emphasis has been directed at defining the role of soluble mediators (e.g., IL-4, IL-10, IL-16, MCP-1, MIP-2/KC/IL-8, TGF-b, PGE2, NO, steroids, etc.), inhibitory receptors (e.g., PD-1:PD-L1/L2, BTLA:HVEM, FasL:Fas, etc.) and/or cellular pathways (e.g., p38 MAPKs, STAT 1/4/6, SOCS 1/3, Shp1/2, Rip1/3, NFkB, etc.) involved in orchestrating these changes in mouse models and critically ill patient. We have also found evidence of alterations of the immune cell's apoptotic process, present in these animals and are actively examining the contribution of this pathway. It is our hope that, by understanding the cellular/molecular mechanisms which control these alterations in the traumatized or septic animal/patient, we will improve our ability to treat them.

Major Theme of Research: Immunology and infection



Laboratory Staff-Contact List (Rev: 3/15/2012):


Maude Kettenmann, M.D.
Armand D. Versaci Res. Scholar/
Surgical Resident
Aldrich 242
401-444-6706
MKettenmann@lifespan.org

Jianwen (Jen) Bai, Ph.D., M.D.
Visiting Scholar in Surgery
Aldrich 201
401-444-6465
Baijianwen1019@163.com

Fei Wang, M.S., M.D.
Research Scholar in Surgery
Aldrich 201
401-444-6465
wf_king_001@163.com



Graduate Students:


Sam McNeal, B.S.
Grad. Student
(Brown U-Pathobiol. Prog.)
Aldrich 226
401-444-6482
Sam_McNeal@brown.edu

Noelle A. Hutchins, B.S.
Grad. Student / NRSA pre-doc fellow
(Brown U-Pathobiol. Prog.)
Aldrich 228
401-444-6728
Noelle_Hutchins@brown.edu

Nicholas Shubin, B.S.
Grad. Student
(Brown U-Pathobiol. Prog.)
Aldrich 226
401-444-6482
Nicholas_Shubin@brown.edu



Research Assistants:


Yaping Chen, B.S.
Sr. Res. Assist.
Aldrich 228
401-444-6728
YChen2@lifespan.org



Administrative:


Courtney V. Coto, A.D. Med. Trans.
Admin. Assistant
Aldrich 230
401-444-5157
CCoto@lifespan.org



Undergraduate/Medical Students:


Gabriela Garcia
Brown U.-undergrad. student-Independent Study
Aldrich 239
401-444-6346
Gabriela_Garcia@brown.edu

Walter Anazonwu, B.A.
Brown U.-Med. Student-Summer Res. Assistantship/Project
Aldrich 238
401-444-6346
Walter_Anazonwu@brown.edu



Laboratory Alumni (back to: 2000):


Lydea Irwin

Shivana Maharaj

Sean Monaghan, M.D.

Eleanor (Ellie) Smith

Ye Sul Kim

Yvonne Wang, B.S., M.D.

Kim Tran

Yu (Tina) Zhao.

Mia Tran, B.S.

Josha Borgerding.

Rajan Thakkar, M.D.

Sima Patel, B.S.

Nicholas Carter, B.A.

Sadella Santos.

Fabienne Venet, Ph.D., M.S., Pharm.D.

Arnaldo Carriera

Ana Moreno, B.S.

Megan Garber, B.S., M.S.

Earl Campbell, III

Brian J. Horner, D.O.

"> Ryan Swan, M.D.

Doreen Wesche-Soldato, Ph.D.

Leia Foster

Caroline Hu, B.A., M.S.

Mario Perl, M.D.

Ulrike (Uli) Perl, R.N.

Antonio Funches, B.S.

Tina Rachel, B.A., M.S.

Nicholas Winoski, B.A.

Ben Galen, B.S.

Lesley Doughty, M.D.

Rani Cooma-Ramberan, B.S.

Leslie Jones, B.S.

Sarah Newton (maiden name: Bray), B.A.

Rebecca Rhee, B.A., M.D.

Yanli Ding, D.D.S., Ph.D, D.M.D

Patricia S. Grutkoski, Ph.D.

Crystal Lane, B.S.

Grace Jarrar (maiden name: Song), M.D., B.A.

Watkins, B.A.

Amit R.T. Joshi, M.D., B.A.

Rory A. Priester, M.D., B.A.

Awards

Recipient of the Shock Society's - Distinguished Service Award (2011)

Recipient of the Shock Society's - Scientific Achievement Award (2007)

Surgical Infection Society - Joseph Susman Awarde (1994)

selected as:
SIS Recorder/Council Member (2005-07)

Society of Leukocyte Biology- Councilor (2011-present) (by appoinment)

Society of Leukocyte Biology- Co-Program Chariman (2013) (by appoinment)

Elected as:
Shock Society- President (2004-05), Treasurer (2002-04), Sci. Program Chair. (2001)

Society of Leukocyte Biology- Councilor (2011-present) (by appoinment)

Affiliations

American Society of Investigative Pathology
American Association for the Advancement of Science
American Association of Immunologists
International Cytokine Society
Michigan Society for Medical Research
Society of Protozoologists
Shock Society
Surgical Infection Society
Society of Critical Care Medicine
Society of Leukocyte Biology

Funded Research

Active Grant Support:

2003-2013
NIH-NIHLBI: "Regulatory Mechanisms of Acute Lung Injury: Phagocyte Apoptosis."
Grant No. RO1 HL73525
Principal Investigator: Alfred Ayala
Total Support = $1,542,875 in direct and indirect cost (for 2008-2013).

1991-2012
NIH-NIGMS Research Grant: "Differential Effects of Sepsis on Immune Cell Function."
Grant No. R01 GM46354
Principal Investigator: Alfred Ayala
Total Support = $1,331,926 in direct and indirect cost (for 2009-2012).

1999-2014
NIH-NIGMS Research Grant: "Programmed Cell Death: Role in Septic Immune Suppression."
Grant No. RO1 GM53209
Principal Investigator: Alfred Ayala
Total Support = $1,039,163 in direct and indirect cost (for 2010-2014).


Grants/Funding on which 'role' is other than Principle Investigator:

2009-2013
NIDDK NRSA: "Fatal Attraction: T lymphocytes and liver endothelial cells during sepsis"
Grant No. F31 DK083873
Principle Investigator: Noelle Hutchins
Sponsor: Alfred Ayala
Total Fellowship Support = $163,500 in direct and indirect cost.

2004-2014
NIH-NIGMS: "Trauma-inflammation Research Training."
Grant No.: T32-GM08768
Program Director: Jorge E. Albina
Co-Director/Executive Committee/Faculty: Alfred Ayala
Total Support Requested = $1,158,247 in direct and indirect cost.

2003-2010
NIH-Research Grant: "Neutrophil-Kupffer Cell Interaction during Infection."
Grant No.: R01-DK 61511
Principle Investigator: Stephen H. Gregory
Collaborator: Alfred Ayala
Total Support Requested = ~$1,250,000 in direct and indirect cost.

2001-2010
NIH-NIHLBI: "Short-term Training for Minority Students."
Grant No.: T35-HL67704
Principal Investigator: Sharon I.S. Rounds
Faculty Trainer/Exec. Comm.: Alfred Ayala
Total Support = $229,900 in direct and indirect cost.

2010-2011
Rhode Island Foundation: "Mediators of Endothelial Cell Dysfunction in the Development of Shock Induced Lung Injury."
Grant No.: #20092951
Principal Investigator: Joanne Lomas-Neira
Collaborator: Alfred Ayala
Total Support Requested = $15,000 in direct cost.

Courses Taught

• Crit. Reading Sci. Pubs. (IMSD Training Module-Fall 2011)
• Dir. Res./Grad. Independent Study (Bio296)
• Intro. to Pathobiol. Res.-overview lect. (Bio285)
• Med. Student Independent Study (Bio710)
• Topics in Pathiobiology: Immunopathology (Bio284)
• Undergrad. Independent Study (Bio 195/196)

View My Full Publication List in pdf format

Selected Publications

• Monaghan, S.F., Thakkar, R.K., Tran, M., Huang, X., Cioffi, W.G., Ayala, A., Heffernan, D.S. 2012. PD-1 expression as a marker for immune and physiological dysfunction in the critically ill surgical patient. Shock 38:117-122. (PMID: 22683728)(2012)
• Shubin, N.J., Monaghan, S.F., Heffernan, D., Chung, C.S., Ayala, A. 2012. B and T Lymphocyte Attenuator (BTLA) and the role of lymphocytes in contributing to sepsis progression. J. Leukocyte Biol. (epub-ahead of press). (PMID: 22459947)(2012)
• Heffernan, D.S., Monaghan, S.F., Thakkar, R.K., Machan, J.T., Ayala, A., Cioffi, W.G. 2012. Failure to normalize lymphocyte reduction following trauma is associated with increased mortality, independent of the leukocytosis pattern. Critical Care Forum 16(1):R12. (PMID: 22264310)(2012)
• Monaghan, S.F., Thakkar, R.K., Heffernan, D.S., Tran, M.L., Huang, X., Chung, C.S., Chen, Y., Lomas-Neira, J., Cioffi, W.G., Ayala, A. 2012. Mechanisms of indirect acute lung injury: a novel role for the co-inhibitory receptor, programmed death-1 (PD-1). Ann. Surg. 255:158-64. (PMID: 21997806)(2012)
• Lomas-Neira, J., Perl, M., Venet, F., Chung, C.S., Ayala, A. 2012. The Role and Source of TNF-α in Hemorrhage Induced Priming for Septic Lung Injury. Shock 37:611-20. (PMID: 22552013)(2012)
• Shubin, N., Monaghan, S., Ayala, A. 2011. Anti-inflammatory mechanisms in sepsis. Contrib. Microbiol. 17:108-124 . (REVIEW; PMID: 21659749). (2011)
• Guignant, C., Lepape, A., Huang, X., Kherouf, H., Denis, L., Poitevin, F., Malcus, C., Chéron, A., Allaouchiche, B., Gueyffier, F., Ayala, A., Monneret, G., Venet, F. 2011. Programmed Death-1 levels correlate with increased mortality, nosocomial infection and immune dysfunctions in septic shock patients. Crit. Care Forum 15:R99. (PMID: 21418617). (2011)
• McNeal, S.I., LeGolvan, M.P., Chung, C.S., Ayala, A. 2011. Dual functions of RIP1 in Fas induced hepatocyte death during sepsis. Shock 35:499-505. (PMID: 21263386). (2011)
• Venet, F., Huang, X., Chung, C.S., Chen, Y., Ayala, A. 2010. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells control lung inflammation and monocyte recruitment in indirect acute lung injury in mice. Amer. J. Pathol. 176:764-73. (PMID: 20042672). (2010)
• Chung, C.S., Venet, F., Chen, Y., Jones, L., Wilson, D., Ayala, C.A., Ayala, A. 2010. Deficiency of BID protein reduces sepsis-induced apoptosis and inflammation, while improving septic survival. Shock 33:150-61. (PMID: 20023601). (2010)
• Perl, M., Chung, C.S., Perl, U., Thakkar, R., Lomas-Neira, J., Ayala, A. 2010. Therapeutic accessibility of caspase mediated cell death as a key patho-mechanism in indirect acute lung injury. Crit. Care. Med. 39:1179-86. (PMID: 0154604). (2010)
• Venet, F., Chung, C.S., Huang, X., Lomas-Neira, J., Chen, Y., Ayala, A. 2009. Indirect lung injury: a role for regulatory T lymphocytes in the development of pulmonary inflammation. J. Immunology 183:3472-80 (PMID: 19641139). (2009)
• Huang, X., Venet, F., Wang, Y.L., Lepape, A., Yuan, Z., Wang, Y.L., Chen, Y., Swan, R., Kherouf, H., Monneret, G., Chung, C.S., Ayala, A. 2009. PD-1 expression by macrophages plays a pathologic role in altering microbial clearance and the innate inflammatory response to sepsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106:6303-6308 (PMID: 19332785) (2009)
• Elphick, G., Sarangi, P., Hyun, Y-M., Hollenbaugh, J., Ayala, A., Biffl, W., Chung, H-L., Rezaie, A., McGarth, J., Topham, D., Reichner, J., Kim, M. 2009. Recombinant human activated protein C inhibits integrin-mediated neutrophil migration. Blood 113:4078-4085. (PMID: 19244161) (2009)
• Fritzell, Jr., J.A., Mao, Q, Gundavarapu, S., Pasquariello, T., Aliotta, J., Ayala, A., Padbury, J.F., De Paepe, M.E. 2009. Fate and effects of adult bone marrow cells in lungs of normoxic and hyperoxic newborn mice. Amer. J. Resp. Cell Mol. 40:575-587 (PMID: 18988921).(2009)
• Hu, C.*, Venet, F.*, Heffernan, D.S., Wang, Y., Horner, B., Huang, X., Chung, C.S., Gregory, S.H., Ayala, A. 2009. The role of hepatic invariant (i)NKT cells in systemic/ local inflammation and mortality during polymicrobial septic shock? J. Immunology 182(4):2467-75.(*C.K.H and F.V. contributed equally as first authors to this work) (PMID: 19201902).(2009)
• Stromberg, P., Woolsey, C., Clark, A., Clark, J., Turnbull, I., McConnell, K., Chang, K., Chung, C-S., Ayala, A., Buchman, T., Hotchkiss, R.S., Coopersmith, C. 2009. CD4+ lymphocytes control gut epithelial apoptosis and mediate survival in sepsis. FASEB J. 23:1817-1825 (PMID: 19158156) (2009)
• Wesche-Soldato, D.E., Lomas-Neira, J., Perl. M., Chung, C.S., Ayala, A. 2008. Hydrodynamic delivery of siRNA in a mouse model of sepsis. Methods Mol. Biol. 442:67-73 (PMID: 18369778).(2008)
• Lomas-Neira, J., Chung, C.S., Ayala, A. 2008. RNA interference as a potential therapeutic treatment for inflammation associated lung injury. Inter. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 1:154-160 (REVIEW; PMID: 19079669).(2008)
• Perl, M., Lomas-Neira, J., Chung, C.S., Ayala, A. 2008. Epithelial apoptosis and neutrophil recruitment in acute lung injury - A unifying hypothesis? What we have learned from small interfering RNAs. Mol. Med. 14:465-475 (REVIEW; PMID: 18368145).(2008)
• Venet, F., Chung, C.S., Monneret, G., Huang, X., Horner, B., Garber, M.E., Ayala, A. 2008. T-regulatory cell populations in trauma and sepsis. J. Leukocyte Biol. 83:523-535 (REVIEW; PMID: 17913974).(2008)
• Venet, F., Tissot, S., Debard, A-L., Faudot, Crampe, A., Pachot, A., Ayala, A., Monneret, G. 2007. Decreased monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR expression after severe burn injury: correlation with severity and secondary septic shock. Crit. Care. Med. 35:1910-1917 (PMID: 17568330).(2007)
• Scumpia, P.O., Delano, M.J., Kelly-Scumpia, K.M., Weinstein, J.S., Wynn, J.L., Xia, C., Winfield, R.D., Chung, C.S., Ayala, A., Heyworth, P.G., Reeves, W.H., Clare-Salzler, M.J., Moldawer, L.L. 2007. Treatment with GITR agonistic antibody corrects adaptive immune dysfunction and improves survival in murine sepsis. Blood 110:3673-3681 (PMID: 17690255).(2007)
• Delano, M.J., Scumpia, P.O., Weinstein, J.S., Coco, D., Nagaraj, S., Kelly, K.M., O'Malley, K.M, Wynn, J., Antonenko, S., Al-Quran, S., Swan, R., Chung,C.S., Atkinson, M.A., Ramphal, R., Gabrilovich, D.I., Reeves, W.H., Ayala, A., Phillips, J., LaFace, D., Heyworth, P.G., Clare-Salzler, M., Moldawer, L.L. (2007) MyD88-dependent expansion of an immature GR-1+CD11b+ population induces T-cell suppression and TH2 polarization in polymicrobial sepsis. J. Exp. Med. 204: 1463 – 1474 (PMID: 17548519).(2007)
• Huang, X., Venet, F., Lomas-Neira, J.L., Chung, C.S., Ayala, A. 2007. Changes in dendritic cell function in the immune response to sepsis. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 7:929-938 (REVIEW; PMID: 17665984).(2007)
• Wesche-Soldato, D.E., Chung, C.S., Gregory S. H., Salazar-Mathers, T.P., Ayala, C.A., Ayala, A. 2007. CD8+ T cells promote inflammation and apoptosis in the liver after sepsis: role of Fas-FasL. Amer. J. Pathol. 171:87-96 (PMID: 17478568).(2007)
• Swan, R., Chung, C.S., Albina, J.E., Cioffi, W.G., Perl, M., Ayala, A. 2007. Polymicrobial sepsis enhances apoptotic immune cell clearance by splenic macrophages. Surgery 142:253-261 (PMID: 17689693).(2007)
• Chung, C.S., Chen, Y.P., Grutkoski, P.S., Doughty, L.A., Ayala, A. 2007. SOCS-1 is a central mediator of steroid-increased thymocyte apoptosis and decreased survival following sepsis. Apoptosis 12:1143-1153 (PMID: 17380787).(2007)
• Perl, M., Chung, C.S., Perl, U., Lomas-Neira, J.L., De Paepe, M., Cioffi, W.G., Ayala, A. 2007. Fas induced pulmonary apoptosis and inflammation during indirect acute lung injury. Amer. J. Resp. & Crit. Care. Med. 176:591-601 (PMID: 17600273).(2007)
• Chung, C.S., Watkins, L., Song, G.Y., Lomas-Neira, J., Cahoone, E.V., Cioffi, W.G., Ayala, A. 2006. Deficiency in gamma-delta T-lymphocytes compromises the ability of mice to survive polymicrobial sepsis. Amer. J. Physiol. 291:R1338-1343 (PMID:16878028).(2006)
• Lomas-Neira, J., Chung, C.S., Perl, M., Gregory, S., Biffl, W., Ayala, A. 2006. Role of alveolar macrophage & migrating neutrophils in hemorrhage induced priming for ALI subsequent to septic challenge. Amer. J. Physiol. 290:51-58 (PMID: 16157517).(2006)
• Wesche, D.E., Lomas-Neira, J.L., Perl, M., Chung, C.S., Ayala, A. 2005. Leukocyte apoptosis and its significance in sepsis and shock. J. Leukocyte Biol. 78:325-337 (REVIEW; PMID: 15817707).(2005)
• Lomas-Neira, J.L., Perl, M., Chung, C.S., Ayala, A. 2005. Shock and hemorrhage: An overview of animal models. Shock 24 (Suplt. 1): 33-39 (REVIEW; PMID: 16374370).(2005)
• Perl, M., Chung, C.S., Lomas-Neira, J., Rachel, T.M., Biffl, W.L., Cioffi, W.G., Ayala, A. 2005. Silencing of Fas- but not caspase-8 in lung epithelial cells ameliorates experimental acute lung injury. Amer. J. Pathol. 167:1545-559 (PMID: 16314469).(2005)
• Wesche-Soldato, D.E., Chung, C.S., Lomas-Neira, J., Doughty, L.A., Gregory S. H., Ayala, A. 2005. In vivo delivery of caspase 8 or FAS siRNA impoves the survival of septic mice. Blood. 106:2295-2301 (PMID: 15941915).(2005)
• Lomas-Neira, J.L., Chung, C.S., Wesche, D.E., Perl, M., Ayala, A. 2005. In vivo gene silencing (with siRNA) of pulmonary expression of MIP-2 vs. KC results in divergent effects on hemorrhage induced neutrophil mediated septic acute lung injury. J. Leukocyte Biol. 77:846-853 (PMID: 15695553).(2005)
• Song, G.Y., Chung, C.S., Cioffi, W.G., Ayala, A. 2005. Insights into the contribution of STAT4 and STAT6 signaling to the morbidity seen in a low-mortality model of sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 31:1564-1569 (PMID: 16172848).(2005)
• Perl, M., Chung, C.S., Ayala, A. 2005. Apoptosis. Crit. Care Med.-Supplt. 33:S526-S529 (REVIEW; PMID: 16340441).(2005)
• Ding, Y., Chung, C.S., Bray, S., Chen, Y., Grutkoski, P.S., Carlton, S., Albina, J.E., Ayala, A. 2004. Polymicrobial sepsis induces divergent effects on splenic and peritoneal dendritic cell function in mice. Shock 22:137-144 (PMID: 15257086).(2004)
• Lomas-Neira, J.L., Chung, C.S., Grutkoski, P.S., Miller, E.J., Ayala, A. 2004. CXCR2 inhibition suppresses hemorrhage induced priming for acute lung injury in mice. J. Leukocyte Biol. 76:58-64 (PMID: 15123771).(2004)
• Grutkoski, P.S., Chen, Y., Chung, C.S., Cioffi, W.G., Ayala, A. 2004. Putative mechanism of hemorrhage-induced leukocyte hyporesponsiveness: induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3. J. Trauma 56:742-748 (PMID: 15187736).(2004)
• Grutkoski, P.S., Chen, Y., Chung, C.S., Ayala, A. 2003. Sepsis-induced SOCS-3 expression is immunologically restricted to phagocytes. J. Leukocyte Biol. 74:916-922 (PMID: 12960286).(2003)
• Lomas, J.L.,Chung, C.S., Grutkoski, P.S., LeBlanc, B.W., Lavigne, L., Reichner, J., Gregory, S.H., Doughty, L.A., Cioffi, W.G., Ayala, A. 2003. Differential effects of MIP-2 and KC on hemorrhage induced neutrophil priming for lung inflammation: assessment by adoptive cell transfer in mice. Shock 19:358-365 (PMID: 12688548).(2003)
• Chung, C.S., Song, G.Y., Lomas, J., Simms, H.H., Chaudry, I.H., Ayala, A. 2003. Inhibition of Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) signaling during sepsis has tissue specific effects on macrophage apoptotic and functional capacity. J. Leukocyte Biol. 74:344-351 (PMID: 12949237)(2003)
• Rhee, R.J., Carlton, S., Lomas, J.L., Lane, C., Brossay, L., Ayala, A. 2003. Inhibition of CD1d activation suppresses septic mortality: a role for NK-T cells in septic immune dysfunction. J. Surg. Res. 115:74-81 (PMID: 14572776).(2003)
• Ayala, A., Chung, C.S., Lomas, J.L., Song, G.Y., Doughty, L.A., Gregory, S.H., Cioffi,W.G., LeBlanc, B.W., Reichner, J., Simms, H.H., Grutkoski, P.S. 2002. Shock induced neutrophil mediated priming for acute lung injury in mice: divergent effects of TLR-4 and TLR-4/FasL deficiency. Amer. J. Pathology 161:2283-2294 (PMID: 12466142).(2002)
• Song, G.Y., Chung, C.S., Chaudry, I.H., Ayala, A. 2001. MAPK p38 antagonism as a novel method for inhibiting lymphoid immune suppression in polymicrobial sepsis. Amer. J. Physiol. 281:C662-C669 (PMID: 11443065).(2001)