Dr. Rakowski's research activities focus on a number of areas, including behavioral science approaches to cancer control, with an emphasis on utilization of cancer screening examinations; analyses of factors correlated with the receipt of cancer screening procedures, especially repeat/regular screening; design and implementation of individually tailored interventions; and stage-of-adoption classifications of the performance of health-related behaviors.

Biography

Dr. Rakowski (Professor, tenured)is a behavioral scientist in The Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences in Brown's Public Health Program, and is also a Senior Investigator in The Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research. He has been on the Brown faculty since 1987. His B.A. and M.A. degrees are in Psychology, from the University of Notre Dame ('72, '73), and his Ph.D. is from Penn State in Human Development and Family Studies ('77). Dr. Rakowski's research focuses on behavioral science strategies for cancer control, with an emphasis on utilization of cancer screening procedures. He has extended the Transtheoretical Model ("stages of change") to the study of cancer screening, by both instrument development and the evaluation of individually tailored interventions. He also conducts behavioral epidemiology research on population-level datasets (e.g., NHIS, BRFSS, HINTS), to identify factors correlated with receipt of cancer screening. Dr. Rakowski's most recent investigations address the receipt of regular/repeat cancer screening.

Research Description

Dr. Rakowski is recognized for conceptual and empirical work to extend the "stages of change" Transtheoretical Model from smoking cessation to screening mammography. His research on that topic over the past decade has included both item pool construction and subsequent scale validation, as well the development of empirically-based, individually tailored interventions (R01-CA55917; R01-CA68556). He was part of an invited NCI panel on tailored interventions that led to a set of seminal articles in a 1999 issue of The Annals of Behavioral Medicine. Dr. Rakowski is therefore experienced in the area of identifying factors that women consider when making decisions for cancer screening, and translating those factors into interventions. Dr. Rakowski has been and is a Co-Investigator for several other studies in cancer control. For example, he is working with colleagues at The University of California-San Francisco (including Dr. Pasick) to study the ethnic/cultural dimensions of breast cancer screening among Filipina and Latina women in a qualitative investigation (R01-CA81816). He is Co-Investigator for a project housed at the University of Texas School of Public Health (Houston) to implement a tailored intervention for mammography to a national sample of women veterans (R01-CA76330). In addition, Dr. Rakowski was Co-PI for a study to employ a computer-based, automated telecounseling system to address barriers to mammography among women due for repeat screening (R01-CA84447). He was Co-Investigator for an NCI-funded study to encourage the performance of skin self-examination (R01-CA78800). He was also a Co-Investigator for a study headed by Dr. Rebecca Silliman that examined the predictors of long-term use of tamoxifen among older women with breast cancer (R01-CA70818), so that he has experience with both pre- and post-diagnosis contexts of breast cancer. He is a consultant to projects conducted by Drs. William Redd and Kate DuHamel at Mt. Sinai Hospital in New York City on the development of tailored cancer screening interventions for African-Americans and Latinas.

In addition, many of his publications have used the cancer screening items of the National Health Interview Surveys to investigate risk factors for not obtaining mammography, and he is working with internal NCI researchers and others on analyses of recent BRFSS surveys, the NCI-sponsored Health Information and National Trends Survey (HINTS), the California Health Interview Survey, and the longitudinal Canadian Health Survey. He is also on the external advisory committee to plan content for the 2007 HINTS. Dr. Rakowski was awarded a K05 Career Award through the NCI (Established Investigators in Cancer Control and Population Sciences; CA90485; 5/2001-4/2007). Among other activities, that award has facilitated his work with Dr. Mary Canales at the University of Vermont to study screening in Native American women. He was on the Steering Committee of a National Cancer Institute, American Cancer Society, and CDC initiative (through the Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences) that published a set of papers in the ACS journal, Cancer (September 2004), reviewing "lessons learned" in behavioral and social science cancer screening interventions over the past three decades.

Awards

Fellow, Gerontological Society of America

Affiliations

American Public Health Association
American Society of Preventive Oncology
Society of Behavioral Medicine
Society for Public Health Education
Gerontological Society of America (Fellow, 1993)

Funded Research

FROM 1995-PRESENT:

2005-2007 Susan G. Komen Foundation:
"Regular Mammography Screenings: The Realities for Women with Disabilities", 5/2005-4/2007
Co-Investigator (Melissa Clark, PI)

2005-2011 National Cancer Institute, R25-CA87972:
"Transdisciplinary Cancer Control Research Training Grant", 1/2005-8/2011
Principal Investigator (2005-2006,Transfer of PI due to original PI's relocation; 2006-2011,Competitive renewal)

2001-2006 National Cancer Institute, K05-CA90485:
"Diverse Screening Histories: Persons, Groups, Behaviors", 5/2001-4/2006
Principal Investigator

2001-2005 National Cancer Institute, R01-CA81816:
"Behavioral Constructs and Culture in Cancer Screening", 9/01-8/05
Co-Investigator (Rena Pasick, PI)

2000-2004 National Cancer Institute, R01-CA84447:
"Automated Tele-Counseling for Screening Mammography", 7/2000-6/2005
Co-Principal Investigator (Robert Friedman, PI)

2000-2004 National Cancer Institute, R01-CA84506:
"Breast Cancer Treatment Outcomes in Older Women", 7/2000-5/2004
Co-Investigator (Rebecca Silliman, PI)

2000-2001 AARP-Andrus Foundation:
"Reciprocity and Successful Aging Among Persons with Multiple
Chronic Conditions", 1/2000-6/2001
Principal Investigator

1999-2003 National Cancer Institute, R01-CA78800:
"Skin Self-Examination for Early Detection of Melanoma", 5/1999-3/2003
Co-Principal Investigator (Martin Weinstock, PI)

1999-2004 National Cancer Institute, R01-CA76330:
"Women Veterans and Breast Cancer Screening", 5/1999-4/2004
Co-Investigator (Sally Vernon, PI)

1999-2004 National Cancer Institute, R25-CA82320:
"Communication Skills for Male Cancer Screening", 7/1999-6/2004
Co-Investigator (Catherine Dube, PI)

1997-1998 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation:
"Smoking and Cancer Screening: Chronic Disease Management and
Prevention for Older Women", 7/1997-6/1998
Principal Investigator

1996-2000 National Cancer Institute, R01-CA70818:
"Adjuvant Tamoxifen Therapy in Old Age", 7/1996-6/2000
Co-Investigator (Rebecca Silliman, PI)

1995-1999 National Cancer Institute, R01-CA68556:
"Achieving Repeat Mammography: Stepped Care and Self-Choice", 9/1995-7/1999
Principal Investigator

1994-1999 National Institute on Aging, R29-AG12449:
"Marital Gender Roles and the Dynamics of Spousal Care", 7/1994-6/1999
Co-Investigator & Faculty Sponsor for First Award (Susan Allen, PI)

1994-1995 Susan G. Komen Foundation:
"Improving Breast Cancer Screening Practices in an Urban Hospital:
A Mammography Counseling Model for Physicians and Residents", 10/1994-9/1995
Co-Principal Investigator (Deborah Pearlman, PI)

1994-1998 Centers for Disease Control:
"An Integrated Curriculum in Communication and Counseling Skills for Breast
and Cervical Cancer Screening", 11/1994-10/1997
Co-Principal Investigator (Catherine Dube, PI)

1994-1999 National Cancer Institute:
"Promoting Cancer Prevention in Primary Care", 7/1994-6/1999
Co-Investigator (Michael Goldstein, PI; Component Project in a Cancer
Prevention Research Unit; P01-CA50087: "Accelerating the Process of
Change for Cancer Prevention", James Prochaska, PI)

1994-1997 National Institute on Aging, R01-AG12025:
"Medical Office-Based Activity Counseling of Older Adults", 2/1994-1/1997
Co-Investigator (Michael Goldstein, PI)

1992-1996 National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, R01-CA55917:
"Standard vs. Individualized Intervention for Mammography", 10/1992-9/1996
Principal Investigator

Courses Taught

• Behavioral and Social Science Theory for Health Promotion (PHP2340)
• Intoduction to the United States Health Care System (BC0031 ..now PHP0310)
• Principles of Health Behavior and Health Promotion Interventions (PHP1740)
• The Social Epidemiology of Aging (BC225 .. years ago!)

Selected Publications

• 143.) Rakowski, W., Clark, M.A., Rogers, M.L., & Weitzen, S.H. Reversals of association for Pap, prostate, and colorectal testing among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Black women and men. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers, and Prevention, in press. (NIHMS279016)(IN PRESS)
• 142.) Chun, T.H., Spirito, A., Rakowski, W., D'Onofrio, G., Woolard, R.H.. Beliefs and practices of pediatric emergency physicians and nurses regarding counseling alcohol using adolescents: Can counseling practice be predicted? Pediatric Emergency Care, in press(IN PRESS)
• 140.) DuHamel, K., Li, Y., Rakowski, W., Samimi, P., & Jandorf, L. Validity of the processes of change for colorectal screening among African Americans. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 2011, 41(3), 271-283.(2011)
• 137.) Pruitt, S.L., McQueen, A., Tiro, J.A., Rakowski, W., DiClemente, C.C., & Vernon, S.W. Construct validity of a mammography processes of change scale and invariance by stage of change. Journal of Health Psychology, 2010, 15, 64-74.(2010)
• 138.) Rakowski, W., Wyn, R., Breen, N., Meissner, H., & Clark, M.A. Prevalence and correlates of recent and repeat mammography among California women ages 55-79. Cancer Epidemiology, 2010, 34(2), 168-177. (NIHMS179883)(2010)
• 139.) Smith, S.M., Ford, J.S., Rakowski, W., Moskowitz, C.S., Diller, L., Hudson, M.M., Mertens, A.C., Stanton, A.L., Henderson, T.O., Leisenring, W.M., Robison, L.L., Oeffinger, K.C. Inconsistent mammography perceptions and practices among women at risk of breast cancer following a pediatric malignancy: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Cancer Causes & Control, 2010, 21(10), 1585-1595.(2010)
• 141.) Schneider, K.L., Clark, M.A., Lapane, K.L, Rakowski, W. Evaluating the impact of non-response bias in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2010, Oct 19, epub ahead of print, doi:10.1136/jech.2009.103861(2010)
• 127.) Fernandez, M.E., Diamond, P.M., Rakowski, W., Gonzales, A., Tortolero-Luna, G., Williams, J., & Morales-Campos, D.Y. Development and validation of a cervical cancer screening self-efficacy scale for low-income Mexican-American women. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers, and Prevention, 2009, 18(3) 866-875.(2009)
• 128.) Clark, M.A., Rogers, M.L., Armstrong, G.F., Rakowski, W., Bowen, D.J., Hughes, T., & McGarry, K.A. Comprehensive cancer screening among unmarried women aged 40-75 years: Results from the Cancer Screening Project for Women. Journal of Women's Health, 2009, 18(4), 451-459.(2009)
• 129.) Schneider, K., Lapane, K., Clark, M., & Rakowski, W. Using small area estimation to describe county-level disparities in mammography. To appear in: Preventing Chronic Disease: Public Health Research, Practice and Policy, 2009, Oct;6(4):A125. Epub 2009 Sept 15.(2009)
• 132.) Stewart, S.L., Rakowski, W., & Pasick, R. Behavior constructs and mammography in five ethnic groups. Health Education and Behavior, 2009, 36, 36S-54S.(2009)
• 133.) Pasick, R., Burke, N.J., Barker, J.C,, Joseph, G., Bird, J., Otero-Sabogal, R., Tuason, N., Stewart, S., Rakowski, W., Clark, M.A, Washington, P., & Guerra, C. Behavioral theory in a diverse society: Like a compass on Mars. Health Education and Behavior, 2009, 36, 11S-35S.(2009)
• 134.) Clough-Gorr, K.M., Rakowski, W., Clark, M., & Silliman, R.A. The Getting-Out-of-Bed (GoB) measure of motivation and life outlook in older adults: Development and initial psychometric evaluation in a sample of older breast cancer survivors. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 2009, 27(4), 454-468.(2009)
• 135.) Park, E.P., Ostroff, J.S., Rakowski, W., Gareen, I.F., Diefenbach, M.A., Fiebelman, S., & Rigotti, N.A. Risk perceptions among participants undergoing lung cancer screening: Baseline results from the National Lung Screening Trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 2009, 37(3), 268-279.(2009)
• 136.) Clark, M.A., Rogers, M.L., Wen, X., Wilcox, V., McCarthy-Barnett, K., Panarace, J., Manning, C., Allen, S., & Rakowski, W. Repeat mammography screening among unmarried women with and without a disability. Women's Health Issues, 2009, 19(6), 415-424.(2009)
• 131.) Burke, N.J., Bird, J., Clark, M.A., Rakowski, W., Guerra, C., Barker, J.C., & Pasick, R.J. Social and cultural meaning of self efficacy. Health Education and Behavior, 2009, 36, 111S-128S.(2009)
• 120.) Clark, M., Rogers, M., Armstrong, G., Rakowski, W., & Kviz, F. Differential response effects of data collection mode in a cancer screening study of unmarried women ages 40-75 years: A randomized study. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 2008, 8:10.(2008)
• 121.) del Junco, D., Vernon, S., Coan, S., Tiro, J., Bastian, L., Savas, L., Perz, C., Lairson, D., Chan, W., Warrick, C., McQueen, A., & Rakowski, W. Promoting regular mammography screening I: A systematic assessment of validity in a randomized trial. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2008, 100, 333-346.(2008)
• 122.) Vernon, S.W., del Junco, D., Tiro, J., Coan, S., Perz, L., Bastian, L., Rakowski, W., et al. Promoting regular mammography screening II: Results from a randomized control trial in US women veterans. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2008, 100, 347-358.(2008)
• 123.) Trivedi, A.N., Rakowski, W., & Ayanian, J.Z. Effect of cost sharing on mammography in Medicare health plans. New England Journal of Medicine, 2008, 358, 375-383.(2008)
• 125.) DePue, J.D., Goldstein, M.G., Redding, C.A., Velicer, W.F., Sun, X., Fava, J.L., Kazura, A., & Rakowski, W. Cancer prevention in primary care: Predictors of patient counseling across four risk behaviors over 24 months. Preventive Medicine, 2008, 46, 252-259.(2008)
• 126.) Risica, P.M., Weinstock, M.A., Rakowski, W., Kirtania, U., Smith, R.A., & Smith, K.J. Body satisfaction: Affect on thorough skin exam differs by gender. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2008, 35(1), 68-72.(2008)
• 124.) McQueen, A., Vernon, S.W., Meissner, H.I., & Rakowski, W. Risk perceptions and worry about cancer: Does gender make a difference? Journal of Health Communication. 2008, 13(1), 56-79.(2008)
• 116.) Canales, M.K., Rakowski, W., & Howard, A. Traditionality and cancer screening practices among American Indian women in Vermont. Health Care for Women International. 2007, 28(2), 155-181.(2007)
• 117.) Lawsin, C., DuHamel, K., Weiss, A., Rakowski, W., & Jandorf, L. Colorectal cancer screening among low-income African-Americans in east Harlem: A theoretical approach to understanding barriers and promoters to screening. Journal of Urban Health. 2007, 8(1), 32-44.(2007)
• 119.) Weinstock, M.A., Risica, P.M., Martin, R.A., Rakowski, W., Dube, C., Berwick, M., Goldstein, M.G., Acharyya, S., & Lasater, T. Melanoma early detection with thorough skin self-examination: The "Check It Out" Randomized Trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2007, 32(6), 517-524.(2007)
• 118.) Martin, R.A., Weinstock, M.A., Risica, P.M., Smith, K., & Rakowski, W. Factors associated with thorough skin self-examination for the early detection of melanoma. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venerology. 2007, 21(8), 1074-1081.(2007)
• 110.) Halder, A.K., Tiro, J.A., Glassman, B., Rakowski, W.R., Fernandez, M.E., Perz, C.A., & Vernon, S.W. Lessons learned from developing a tailored print intervention: A guide for practitioners and researchers new to tailoring. Health Promotion Practice, July 2006 [epub]. Print version: 2008, 9, 281-288.(2006)
• 111.) Viswanath, K., Breen, N., Steele, W.R., Meissner, H., Moser, R., Rakowski, W., & Hesse, B. Cancer knowledge and disparities in the information age. Journal of Health Communication, 2006, 11 (Suppl 1), 1-17.(2006)
• 112.) Rakowski, W., Truchil, R., Schneider, K., Meersman, S., & Clark, M.A. Correlates of mammography in a national analysis compared to results in quintile- and regionally-defined groups. Preventive Medicine, 2006, 42(5), 386-389.(2006)
• 113.) Canales, M.K., & Rakowski, W. Development of a culturally-specific instrument for mammography screening: An example with American Indian women in Vermont. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 2006, 14(2), 99-115.(2006)
• 114.) Maxwell, C.J., Onysko, J., Bancej, C.M., Nichol, M., & Rakowski W. The distribution and predictive validity of the stages of change for mammography adoption among Canadian women. Preventive Medicine, 2006, 43(3), 171-177.(2006)
• 109.) McQueen, A., Vernon, S.W., Meissner, H.I., Klabunde, C.N., & Rakowski, W. Are there age differences in colorectal cancer test use prevalence and correlates? Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 2006, 15(4), 782-791.(2006)
• 108.) Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., Redding, C., Rossi, J.S., Goldstein, M., DePue, J., Greene, G.W., Rossi, S.R., Sun, X., Fava, J.L., Laforge, R., Rakowski, W., & Plummer, B.A. Stage-based expert systems to guide a population of primary care patients to quit smoking, eat healthier, prevent skin cancer, and receive regular mammograms. Preventive Medicine, 2005, 41(2), 406-416.(2005)
• 106.) Tiro, J.A., Diamond, P.M., Perz, C.A., Fernandez, M.E., Rakowski, W., DiClemente, C.C., & Vernon, S.W. Validation of scales measuring attitudes and norms related to mammography screening in women veterans. Health Psychology, 2005, 24(6), 555-566.(2005)
• 98.) Lairson, D.R., Newmark, G.R., Liao, L.F., Rakowski, W., Tiro, J.A., & Vernon, S.W. Development costs of a computer-generated tailored intervention. Evaluation and Program Planning, 2004, 27(2), 161-169.(2004)
• 100.) Weinstock, M.A., Risica, P.M., Martin, R.A., Rakowski, W., Smith, K.J., Berwick, M., Goldstein, M.G., Upegui, D., & Lasater, T. Reliability of assessment and circumstances of performance of thorough skin self-examination for the early detection of melanoma in the Check-It-Out project. Preventive Medicine, 2004, 38(6), 761-765.(2004)
• 101.) Fink, A.K., Gurwitz, J., Rakowski, W., Guadagnoli, E., & Silliman, R.A. Patient beliefs and tamoxifen discontinuance in older women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2004, 22(16), 3309-3315.(2004)
• 103.) Meissner, H.I., Vernon, S.A., Rimer, B.K., Wilson, K.M, Rakowski, W., Briss, P. & Smith, R.A. The future of research that promotes cancer screening. Cancer, 2004, 101, Issue S5, (Sept 1)Supplement, 1251-1259.(2004)
• 104.) Rakowski, W., & Breslau, E. S. Perspectives on behavioral and social science research on cancer screening. Cancer, 2004, 101, Issue S5, (Sept 1)Supplement, 1118-1130.(2004)
• 105.) Lemon, S.C., Rakowski, W., Clark, M.A., Roy, J., & Friedmann, P.D. Variations in influenza vaccination among the elderly. American Journal of Health Behavior, 2004, 28(4), 352-360.(2004)
• 102.) Meissner, H.I., Smith, R.A., Rimer, B.K., Wilson, K.M, Rakowski, W., Vernon, S.A., & Briss, P. Promoting cancer screening: Learning from experience. Cancer, 2004, 101, Issue S5, (Sept 1)Supplement, 1107-1117.(2004)
• 91.) Goldstein, M.G., Niaura, R., Willey, C., Kazura, A., Rakowski, W., DePue, J., & Park, E. An academic detailing intervention to disseminate physician-delivered smoking cessation counseling: Smoking cessation outcomes of the Physicians Counseling Smokers Project. Preventive Medicine, 2003, 36(2), 185-196.(2003)
• 93.) Clark, M.A., Bonacore, L., Wright, S.J., Armstrong, G., & Rakowski, W. The Cancer Screening Project for Women: Experiences of women who partner with women and women who partner with men. Women & Health, 2003, 38(2), 19-34.(2003)
• 94.) Ganz, P.A., Guadagnoli, E., Landrum, M.B., Lash, T.L., Rakowski, W., & Silliman, R.A. Breast cancer in older women: Quality of life and psychosocial adjustment in the 15 months after diagnosis. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2003, 21(1), 4027-4033.(2003)
• 96.) Lemon, S.C., Clark, M.A., Roy, J., Friedmann, P., & Rakowski, W. Classification and regression tree analysis in public health: Methodologic review and comparison with logistic regression. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 2003, 26(3), 172-181.(2003)
• 97.) Clark, M.A., Rakowski, W., & Bonacore, L.B. Status of the prevalence of repeat mammography and issues of assessment. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 2003, 26(3), 201-211.(2003)
• 115.) Rakowski, W., Meissner, H., Vernon, S.E., Breen, N., Rimer, B., & Clark, M.A. Correlates of repeat and recent mammography for women aged 45-75 in the 2003-2003 Health Information and National Trends Survey (HINTS 2003). Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers, and Prevention. 2006, 15(11), 2093-2101.(2003)
• 95.) Rakowski, W., Lipkus, I.M., Clark, M.A., Rimer, B.K., Ehrich, B., Lyna, P., & Kornguth P.J. Reminder letter, tailored stepped-care, and self-choice comparison for repeat mammography. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2003, 25(4), 308-314.(2003)
• 92.) Park, E.R., DePue, J.D., Goldstein, M.G., Niaura, R., Harlow, L.L., Willey, C., Rakowski, W., & Prokhorov, A. Application of the Transtheoretical Model of Change constructs to physicians counseling smokers. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 2003, 25, 120-126.(2003)
• 87.) Clark, M., Rakowski, W., Erich, B., Rimer, B.K., Velicer, W.F., Dube, C.E., Pearlman, D.N., Peterson, K., & Goldstein, M.G. The effect of a stage-matched and tailored intervention on repeat mammography. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2002, 22(1), 1-7.(2002)
• 88.) Manne, S., Markowitz, A., Winawer, S., Meropol, N.J., Haller, D., Rakowski, W., Babb, J., & Jandorf, L. Correlates of colorectal cancer screening compliance and stage of adoption among siblings of individuals with early onset colorectal cancer. Health Psychology, 2002, 21(1), 3-15.(2002)
• 90.) Manne, S., Markowitz, A., Winawer, S., Guillem, J., Meropol, N.J., Haller, D., Jandorf, L., Rakowski, W., Babb, J., & Duncan, T. Understanding intention to undergo colonoscopy among intermediate risk siblings of colorectal cancer patients: A test of a mediational model. Preventive Medicine, 2002, 36(1), 71-84.(2002)
• 107.) Rakowski, W., Clark, M.A., Truchil R., Schneider, K., & Meersman, S. Smoking status and mammography among women aged 50-75 in the 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Women & Health, 2005, 41(4), 1-21.(2002)
• 89.) Silliman, R.A., Guadagnoli, E., Rakowski, W., Landrum, M.B., Lash, T.L., Wolf, R., Fink, A., Ganz, P.A., Gurwitz, J., Borbas, C., & Mor, V. Adjuvant tamoxifen prescription in women 65 years and older with primary breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2002, 20(11, June 1), 2680-2688.(2002)
• 99.) Rakowski W., Breen N., Meissner H., Rimer, B.K., Vernon, S.W., Clark, M.A., & Freedman, A.N. Prevalence and correlates of repeat mammography among women aged 55-79 in the Year 2000 National Health Interview Survey. Preventive Medicine, 2004, 39(1), 1-10.(2000)
• 86.) Clark, M.A., Rakowski, W., & Ehrich, B. Breast and cervical cancer screening: Associations with personal, spouse's, and combined smoking status." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers, and Prevention, 2000, 9(5), 513-516.(2000)
• 82.) Pearlman, D.N., Clark, M.A., Rakowski, W., & Ehrich, B. Screening for breast and cervical cancers: The importance of knowledge and perceived cancer survivability. Women & Health, 1999, 28(4), 93-112.(1999)
• 85.) Rakowski, W. The potential variances of tailoring in health behavior interventions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 1999, 21(4), 284-289.(1999)
• 83.) Weinstock, M.A., Martin, R.A., Risica, P.M., Berwick, M., Lasater, T., Rakowski, W., Goldstein, M.G., & Dube, C.E. Thorough skin self-examination for the early detection of melanoma. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 1999, 17(3), 169-175.(1999)
• 81.) Goldstein, M.G., Pinto, B.M., Marcus, B.H., Lynn H., Jette, A., Rakowski, W., McDermott, S., DePue, J.D., Milan, F.B., Dube, C., & Tennstedt, S. Physician-based physical activity counseling for middle-aged and older adults: A randomized trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 1999, 21(1), 40-47.(1999)
• 77.) Rakowski, W., & Clark, M.A. Do groups of women aged 50-75 match the national average mammography rate? American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 1998, 15(3), 187-197.(1998)
• 79.) Goldstein, M.G., DePue, J.D., Monroe, A.D., Lessne, C.W., Rakowski, W., Prokhorov, A., Niaura, R., & Dube, C.E. A population-based survey of physician smoking cessation counseling practices. Preventive Medicine, 1998, 27(5), 720-729.(1998)
• 80.) Rakowski, W., Ehrich, B., Goldstein, M.G., Rimer, B.K., Pearlman, D.N., Clark, M., Velicer, W.F., & Woolverton, H. Increasing mammography among women aged 40-74 by use of a stage-matched, tailored intervention. Preventive Medicine, 1998, 27(5), 748-756.(1998)
• 78.) Clark, M.A., Rakowski, W., Ehrich, B., Pearlman, D.N., Rimer, B.K., Goldstein, M.G., Dube, C.E., & Woolverton, H. Stages of adopting regular screening mammography: Do women differ in decisional balance within stages? Journal of Health Psychology, 1998, 3(4), 491-506.(1998)
• 71.) Goldstein, M.G., Niaura, R., Willey-Lessne, C., DePue, J., Eaton, C., Rakowski, W., & Dube, C. Physicians Counseling Smokers: A population-based survey of patients' perceptions of health care provider-delivered smoking cessation interventions. Archives of Internal Medicine, 1997, 157(12), 1313-1319.(1997)
• 72.) Pearlman, D.N., Rakowski, W., Clark, M.A., Ehrich, B., Rimer, B.K., Goldstein, M.G., Woolverton, H., & Dube, C.E. Why do women's attitudes toward mammography change over time? Implications for physician-patient communication. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 1997, 6(6), 451-457.(1997)
• 74.) Clark, M.A., Rakowski, W., Kviz, F.J., & Hogan, J.W. Age and stage of change for smoking cessation. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 1997, 52B(4), S212-S221.(1997)
• 76.) Rakowski, W., Clark, M.A., Pearlman, D.N., Ehrich, B., Rimer, B.K., Goldstein, M.G., Dube, C.E., & Woolverton, H. Integrating pros and cons for mammography and Pap testing: Extending the construct of decisional balance to two behaviors. Preventive Medicine, 1997, 26, 664-673.(1997)
• 75.) Rakowski, W., Anderson, M.R., Stoddard, A.M., Urban, N., Rimer, B.K., Lane, D.S., Fox, S.A., Costanza, M.E. A confirmatory analysis of opinions regarding the pros and cons of mammography. Health Psychology, 1997, 16(5), 433-441.(1997)
• 73.) Marcus, B.H., Goldstein, M.G., Jette, A., Simkin-Silverman, L., Pinto, B.M., Milan, F., Washburn, R., Smith, K., Rakowski, W., & Dube, C.E. Training physicians to conduct physical activity counseling. Preventive Medicine, 1997, 26(3), 382-388.(1997)
• 65.) Pearlman, D.N., Rakowski, W., & Ehrich, B. Mammography, clinical breast exam, and Pap testing: Correlates of combined screening. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 1996, 12(1), 57-63.(1996)
• 67.) Rimer, B.K., Conaway, M.R., Lyna, P.R., Rakowski, W., Woods-Powell, C.T., Tessaro, I., & Yarnall, K.S.H. Cancer screening practices among women in a community health center population. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 1996, 12(5), 351-357.(1996)
• 69.) Rakowski, W., Ehrich, B., Dube, C.A., Pearlman, D.N., Goldstein, M.G., Rimer, B.K., Woolverton, H., & Peterson, K. Screening mammography and the Transtheoretical Model: Associations using two definitions of the stages-of-adoption. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 1996, 18(2), 91-100.(1996)
• 70.) Rakowski, W. The Transtheoretical Model of behavior change: Application to clinical practice. Mind/Body Medicine, 1996, 1(4), 207-220.(1996)
• 68.) Pearlman, D.N., Rakowski, W., Ehrich, B., & Clark, M.A. Breast cancer screening practices among Black, Hispanic, and White women: Reassessing differences. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 1996, 12(5), 327-337.(1996)
• 66.) Rakowski, W., Dube, C.A., & Goldstein, M.G. Considerations for extending the Transtheoretical Model of behavior change to screening mammography. Health Education Research: Theory & Practice, 1996, 11(1), 77-96.(1996)
• 62.) Rakowski, W., Pearlman, D.N., Rimer, B., & Ehrich, B. Correlates of screening mammography among women from high and low socioeconomic groups. Preventive Medicine, 1995, 24(2), 149-158.(1995)
• 64.) Pearlman, D.N., Rakowski, W., & Ehrich, B. The information environment of women and mammography screening: Assessing reciprocity in social relationships. Journal of Women's Health, 1995, 4(5), 541-553.(1995)
• 63.) Fulton, J., Rakowski, W., & Jones, A.C. Determinants of breast cancer screening among inner city Hispanic women in comparison with other inner city women. Public Health Reports, 1995, 110(4), 476-482.(1995)
• 61.) Dill, A., Brown, P., Ciambrone, D., & Rakowski, W. The meaning and practice of self-care by older adults; A qualitative assessment. Research on Aging, 1995, 17(1), 8-41. [Also in: Brown, P. (Ed.), Perspectives in medical sociology, 2nd. ed., Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1996, pp. 329-352.](1995)
• 57.) Pololi, L., Coletta, E.M., Kern, D.G., Davis, S., Kiesling, L.S., Garber, C.E., Entin, E.J., Opal, S.M., & Rakowski, W. Developing a competency-based preventive medicine curriculum for medical schools. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 1994, 10(4), 240-244.(1994)
• 58.) Mor, V., Wilcox, V., Rakowski, W., & Hiris, J. Functional transitions among the elderly: Patterns, predictors, and related hospital use. American Journal of Public Health, 1994, 84(8), 1274-1280.(1994)
• 60.) Rakowski, W., & Wilcox, V.L. Integrating self-rated health and social involvement for the study of mortality among older adults. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 1994, 9(2), 95-111.(1994)
• 59.) Rakowski, W., Mor, V., & Hiris, J. An investigation of non-response to self-assessments of health by older persons: Associations with mortality. Journal of Aging and Health, 1994, 6(4), 469-488.(1994)
• 56.) Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., Rossi, J.S., Goldstein, M.G., Marcus, B.H., Rakowski, W., Fiore, C., Harlow, L.L., Redding, C.A., Rosenbloom, D., & Rossi, S.R. Stages of change and decisional balance for 12 problem behaviors. Health Psychology, 1994, 13(1), 39-46.(1994)
• 53.) Rakowski, W., Fulton, J.P., & Feldman, J.P. Women's decision-making about mammography: A replication of the relationship between stages-of-adoption and decisional balance. Health Psychology, 1993, 12(3), 209-214.(1993)
• 55.) Rakowski, W., Bellis, J.M., Velicer, W.F., & Dube, C.A. Smoking status and mammography in a statewide survey. Addictive Behaviors, 1993, 18(6), 691-696.(1993)
• 52.) Rakowski, W., Fleishman, J., Mor, V., & Bryant, S. Self-assessments of health and mortality among older persons: Do questions other than global self-rated health predict mortality? Research on Aging, 1993, 15(1), 92-116.(1993)
• 45.) Bryant, S. & Rakowski, W. Predictors of mortality among elderly African-Americans. Research on Aging, 1992, 14(1), 50-67.(1992)
• 47.) Rakowski, W., & Hickey T. Mortality and the attribution of health problems to aging among older adults. American Journal of Public Health, 1992, 82(8), 1139-1141. [Letter to the Editor and reply, September 1993, pp. 1351-1352].(1992)
• 49.) Marcus, B.H., Rakowski, W., & Rossi, J.S. Assessing motivational readiness and decision-making for exercise. Health Psychology, 1992, 11(4), 257-261.(1992)
• 51.) Rakowski, W., Rice, C., & McHorney, C.A. Information-seeking about health among older adults: An examination of measurement and structural properties. Behavior, Health, & Aging, 1992, 2(3), 181-198.(1992)
• 50.) Mor, V., Pacala, J.T., & Rakowski, W. Mammography for older women: Who uses, who benefits? The Journals of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 1992, 47(Special Issue, Nov.), 43-49.(1992)
• 46.) Rakowski, W., Dube, C.E., Marcus, B.H., Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., & Abrams, D.A. Assessing elements of women's decisions about mammography. Health Psychology, 1992, 11(2), 111-118.(1992)
• 42.) Hickey, T., Akiyama, H., & Rakowski, W. Daily illness characteristics and health care decisions of older people. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 1991, 10(2), 169-184.(1991)
• 43.) Rakowski, W., Wells, B.L., Lasater, T.M., & Carleton, R.A. Correlates of expected success at health habit change and its role as a predictor in health behavior research. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 1991, 7(2), 89-94.(1991)
• 41.) Clark, N., Becker, M.H., Janz, N.K., Lorig, K., Rakowski, W., & Anderson, W. Self-management of chronic disease by older adults: A review and questions for research. Journal of Aging and Health, 1991, 3(1), 3-27.(1991)
• 38.) Rakowski, W., Lefebvre, R.C., Assaf, A.R., Lasater, T.M., & Carleton, R.A. Health practice correlates in three adult age groups: Results from two community surveys. Public Health Reports, 1990, 105(5), 481-491.(1990)
• 40.) Rakowski, W., Assaf, A.R., Lefebvre, R.C., Lasater, T.M., Niknian, M., & Carleton, R.A. Information-seeking about health in a community sample of adults: Correlates and associations with other health-related practices. Health Education Quarterly, 1990, 17(4), 379-394.(1990)
• 84.) Rakowski, W., Clark, M.A., & Ehrich, B. Smoking and cancer screening for women aged 42-75: Associations in the 1990-1994 National Health Interview Survey. Preventive Medicine, 1999, 29(6), 487-495.(1990)
• 54.) Rakowski, W., Rimer, B.K., & Bryant, S.A. Integrating behavior and intention regarding mammography by respondents in the 1990 National Health Interview Survey of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. Public Health Reports, 1993, 108(5), 605-624.(1990)
• 39.) Rakowski, W. & Seelbach, W.C. Future outlooks: A construct for understanding the experiences of family caregiving and receiving. Family Perspectives, 1990, 24(3), 311-329.(1990)
• 37.) Rakowski, W. & Cryan, C. Consistency or discrepancy? Associations among health perceptions and health status within three age groups. Journal of Aging and Health, 1990, 2(1), 58-80.(1990)
• 36.) Niknian, M., McKinlay, S., Rakowski, W., & Carleton, R.A. A comparison of perceived and objective CVD risk in a general population. American Journal of Public Health, 1989, 79(12), 1653-1654.(1989)
• 30.) Rakowski, W., Julius, M., Hickey, T., Verbrugge, L., & Halter, J. Daily symptoms and behavioral responses: Results of a health diary with older adults. Medical Care, 1988, 26(3), 278-297.(1988)
• 34.) Clark, N., Rakowski, W., Wheeler, J.R.C., Ostrander, L.D., Oden, S., & Keteyian, S. Self-management education for elderly heart patients. The Gerontologist, 1988, 28(4), 491-494.(1988)
• 35.) Hickey, T., Rakowski, W., & Julius, M. Preventive health practices among older men and women. Research on Aging, 1988, 10(3), 315-328.(1988)
• 33.) Anderson, L., Rakowski, W., & Hickey, T. Satisfaction with clinical encounters among residents and geriatric patients. Journal of Medical Education, 1988, 63(6), 447-455. [now: Academic Medicine](1988)
• 31.) Rakowski, W., Carl, F., & Flora, J. Health education for older workers: Interests and preferences of university employees aged 55 and over. Journal of Family and Community Health, 1988, 11(3), 65-73.(1988)
• 29.) Rakowski, W. Age cohorts and personal health behavior in adulthood. Research on Aging, 1988, 10(1), 3-35.(1988)
• 24.) Rakowski, W., Hickey, T., & Dengiz, A.N. Congruence of health and treatment perceptions among older patients and providers of primary care. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 1987-1988, 25(1), 63-77.(1987)
• 26.) Lefebvre, R.C., Harden, E.A., Rakowski, W., Lasater, T.M., & Carleton, R.A. Characteristics of participants in community health promotion programs: Four-year results. American Journal of Public Health, 1987, 77(10), 1342-1344.(1987)
• 28.) Rakowski, W., Lang, W.P., Kerschbaum, W.E., & McGowan, J.M. Correlates of interest in dental health education with older adults: Future perspective and quality of clinical interaction. Gerodontics, 1987, 3, 193-197.(1987)
• 27.) Rakowski, W. Persistence of personal health practices over a 1-year period. Public Health Reports, 1987, 102(5), 483-493.(1987)
• 25.) Rakowski, W., Julius, M., Hickey, T., & Halter, J. Correlates of personal health behavior in late life. Research on Aging, 1987, 9(3), 331-355.(1987)
• 22.) Rakowski, W. Future time perspective: Applications in the health context of later adulthood. American Behavioral Scientist, 1986, 29(6), July/August, 730-745.(1986)
• 23.) Rakowski, W. Personal health practices, health status, and expected control over future health. Journal of Community Health, 1986, 11(3), 189-203.(1986)
• 21.) Rakowski, W. & Clark, N.M. Future time perspective, caregiving, and care-receiving in the family context. The Gerontologist, 1985, 25(6), 618-623.(1985)
• 17.) Rakowski, W. & Dengiz, A.N. A health belief interview for clinical geriatrics. The Gerontologist, 1984, 24(6), 120-123.(1984)
• 19.) Rakowski, W. Health psychology and late life: The differentiation of health and illness for the study of health-related behaviors. Research on Aging, 1984, 6(4), 593-620.(1984)
• 44.) Rakowski, W., Mor, V., & Hiris, J. The association of self-rated health with mortality in a sample of well-elderly from the Longitudinal Study of Aging (1984-1986). Journal of Aging and Health, 1991, 3(4), 527-545.(1984)
• 48.) Rakowski, W. & Mor, V. The association of physical activity with mortality among older adults in The Longitudinal Study of Aging (1984-1988). The Journals of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 1992, 47(4), M122-129.(1984)
• 20.) Rakowski, W. Methodological considerations for research on late life future temporal perspective. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 1984-1985, 19(1), 25-40.(1984)
• 18.) Rakowski, W., Kerschbaum, W.E., & McGowan, J.M. Dental hygiene students' future orientation and perceptions of old age and of older persons. Journal of Dental Education, 1984, 48(6), 302-308.(1984)
• 13.) Rakowski, W., Barber C., & Seelbach, W.C. Comparability and short-term stability of techniques to assess extension of thinking about one's personal future. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1983, 56, 559-564.(1983)
• 15.) Rakowski, W. & Hickey, T. Geriatric patients and family resource persons: Examining congruence of health beliefs and temporal perspective. Interdisciplinary Topics in Gerontology, 1983, 17, 1-9.(1983)
• 16.) Clark, N.M. & Rakowski, W. Family caregivers of older adults: Improving helping skills, The Gerontologist, 1983, 23(6), 637-642.(1983)
• 14.) Kerschbaum, W.E., McGowan, J.M., & Rakowski, W. The extent of favorable dispositions toward the elderly--Implications for planning learning experiences. Educational Directions, 1983, 8(2), 4-11.(1983)
• 12.) Rakowski, W., Barber C., & Seelbach, W.C. Perceptions of parental health status and attitudes toward aging. Family Relations, 1983, 32(1), 93-99.(1983)
• 11.) Rakowski, W. Comparability and reliability of techniques to assess personal future extension. Experimental Aging Research, 1982, 8(4), 199-201.(1982)
• 9.) Rakowski, W. Temporal context and the perceptions of geriatric patients. Social Science and Medicine, 1982, 16(3), 241-244.(1982)
• 10.) Rakowski, W., McGowan, J., & Kerschbaum, W. Attitudes of dental hygiene students toward the elderly and older patients. Journal of Dental Education, 1982, 46(5), 274-278.(1982)
• 8.) Rakowski, W. & Hickey, T. A brief life-graph technique for work with geriatric patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 1981, 29(8), 373-378.(1981)
• 7.) Hickey, T. & Rakowski, W. Consistency in patients' health and treatment expectations at a geriatric clinic. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 1981, 29(6), 278-284.(1981)
• 4.) Rakowski, W., Barber, C.E., & Seelbach, W.C. Response format and coding procedures in time perspective research: A methodological commentary. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1980, 51(1), 39-48.(1980)
• 6.) Kafer, R., Rakowski, W., Lachman, M., & Hickey, T. The Aging Opinion Survey: A report on instrument development. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 1980, 11(4), 319-333.(1980)
• 5.) Rakowski, W. & Hickey, T. Late life health behavior: Integrating health beliefs and temporal perspectives. Research on Aging, 1980, 2(3), 283-308.(1980)
• 32.) Rakowski, W. Predictors of health practices within age x gender groups: The National Survey of Personal Health Practices and Consequences, 1979. Public Health Reports, 1988, 103(4), 376-386.(1979)
• 3.) Rakowski, W. Future time perspective in late adulthood: Review and research directions. Experimental Aging Research, 1979, 5(1), 43-88.(1979)
• 2.) Hickey, T., Bragg, S., Rakowski, W., & Hultsch, D. Attitude instrument analysis: An examination of factor consistency across two samples. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 1978-79, 9(4), 359-375.(1978)
• 1.) Hickey, T., Rakowski, W., Hultsch, D., & Fatula, B.J. Attitudes toward aging as a function of in-service training and practitioner age. Journal of Gerontology, 1976, 31(6), 681-686.(1976)
• 130.) Rakowski, W., Clark, M., Rogers, M., & Weitzen, S. Investigating reversals of association for utilization of recent mammography among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Black women. Cancer Causes and Control, 2009, 20, 1483-1495. (NIHMS194874)(1948)