1. Clearly define and state the evolutionary significance of the following six terms (3 points each: ·=18).

Wallace's Line

Muller's Ratchet

Congruence of cladograms

Morphogen

Meiotic Drive

Isometry

2. Clearly define and state the important distinction between the following pairs of concepts (6 points each: ·=36)

Intrinsic vs. extrinsic barriers to gene exchange

Clinal variation vs. hybrid zone

Phenotypic plasticity vs. norm of reaction

3. The paper on tiger beetles that we all read so carefully for sections employed molecular systematic approaches to address a problem in conservation genetics. In particular, the authors advocated the use of a specific species concept in analyzing conservation problems from the perspective of molecular systematics. Clearly state the essential points of this species concept and how it is particularly relevant to conservation biology. (8 points: ·=44)

4. Fisher's runaway sexual selection requires the evolution of an association between two quite different characters. What are these characters, and how does the association leads to the "runaway" process. (8 points; ·=52)

5. Two species of crickets were observed to be virtually indistinguishable in morphology, calling song and habitat. One clear difference between these two species was the pattern of the life cycle: the "spring" species passed the winter as a juvenile and emerged as an adult in the spring; the "fall" species passed the winter as an egg, passed the spring as a juvenile and emerged as an adult in the fall. These observations lead to the hypothesis of Allochronic speciation (species diverge in timing of life cycle). Assuming that there are three other species (A, B and C) in this genus that breed continuously (eggs, juveniles and adults are present at all times), what phylogenetic pattern would A) Support the Allochronic hypothesis and B) falsify the hypothesis? Draw cladograms accordingly and justify why each tree is evidence for or against the hypothesis. C) Would phylogenetic evidence be more effective at supporting or refuting the hypothesis? Justify you answer. (12 points: ·=64).

6. The Brown football team lost a close game to Dartmouth this past weekend, just missing a chance to share the Ivy League title. However, after a series of post-game tests, Brown was declared to have clinched the Ivy crown after Dartmouth was disqualified. Morphological analyses indicated that the entire roster of the Dartmouth football team was, in fact, filled by members of another species of ape. This claim was based on the relationship between body size (X) and brain size (Y) among the Dartmouth players. Among the Brown teammates, the relationship of these traits was completely consistent with highly intelligent Homo sapiens, however, the Brown players have both smaller absolute body and brain sizes than the Dartmouth species. The Dartmouth players are aberrant in having significantly smaller relative brain sizes for their body sizes. i) Clearly identify which of the allometric equations below refers to the Brown team, and which to the Dartmouth team (don't get hung up on the exact values of the coefficients; the answer lies in their relative values) ii) On the axes provided, clearly draw two "clouds" of individual data points that correspond to these equations and document the differences between the teams with respect to the above stated sizes and shape of the players' bodies and brains (naturally, use a solid dot for each Brown player; and an empty dot for each Dartmouth player). Clearly label the scales and units of your axes. iii) Briefly explain why your decision (in i above) and your data points (in ii above) are consistent with the information given above. (12 points: ·=76)

__________ team Y = 2.2 + 0.67X __________ team Y = 1.8 + 0.9X

7. Assume that two species (species X and Y) can mate but produce hybrids with low fitness, have the distribution indicated below, and that four collecting localities have been identified throughout their ranges: Allopatric 1(A1), allopatric 2 (A2), sympatric 1 (S1) and sympatric 2 (S2). Clearly assign these four collecting localities to the range map below (4 points; ·=80)

7 (continued). You want to do some experimental crosses to test whether there is evidence for reinforcement. To do this experiment well you need to do some control crosses as well. In the table below, write the name of the species and the collecting locality from which the individuals should be taken and the strength of premating isolation index (as scored by an isolation index; for this question use only "Low" or "High") 12 points; ·=92

8. The acacia plant has several unique characteristics that are thought to be related to its interaction with ants that live on the plants: 1) extra floral nectaries, 2) hollow thorns and 3) beltian bodies. The ants that live on acacias, in turn, exhibit 1) defense against herbivores, and 2) cleaning of fungal spores. You travel to the Costa Rica and find additional species of acacia and ant. Two species each of acacia and ant exhibit none of the specialized traits above, however, you do find two species each of acacia and ant that exhibit their specialized traits. Draw a cladogram of these four species of acacia and four species of ant, and the change in character states, that i) provides evidence for coevolution, and ii) refutes the coevolution hypothesis. (8 Points: ·=100)

In birds and butterflies males have the sex chromosome pair ZZ and females are ZW (i.e., the patterns are reversed from mammals and insects; male = XY, female = XX). According to Haldane's rule How could this pattern in birds and butterflies be used to test predictions of Haldane's Rule?

((6. How can one tell whether a reduced character is vestigial (a derived state) or an ancestral state with reference to a more elaborated state in other species? Clearly justify your answer (a figure/diagram may help). (8 points)))

Extra part for question 7:

Additional research determined that that species X was more abundant than species Y at S1 and species Y was more abundant than species X at S2. In the table below write out the experimenbtal crosses you should do to determine the relative strength of reinforcement