1. Briefly define and state the significance of the following terms (3 points each; ·= 15)

Uniformitarianism

__

w

Meiotic Drive

Genetic Load

Polymorphism

2. Clearly state the important distinction between the following (5 points each; ·= 25)

Classical School / Balance School

Realized Fitness / Expected Fitness

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 random sampling variance of p = pq/2N Var(p)among =

Vt = p(1-p)[1- (1 - )t] pt+1 = pequil = pt+1= pt(1-u)+qt(v)

f(A) at equilibrium = pequil = with WAA = (1-s), Waa = (1-t) H = = _Ne = ppop1 t+1 = ppopl t (1-m) + ppop2 t (m)

3. Consider a metapopulation consisting of many, completely isolated demes, each of small effective population size. If the initial allele frequency in each deme is p = 0.5, what will happen to i) the mean allele frequency across all demes, ii) the variance in allele frequency across all demes, and iii) the average heterozygosity within deme as time goes on. (answers like "increase", "decrease", "stay the same" are sufficient; 8 points ·= 33)

4. Recombination is viewed as both a "creative" and a "destructive" force in evolution. Explain? (8 points ·= 41)

5. Is the genetic variation in a population an adaptation? Clearly define your assumptions, and then clearly justify your answer. (8 points ·= 49)

6. One test of the neutral theory of molecular evolution is to compare the patterns of nucleotide variation at functionally distinct nucleotide sites. In section we read a paper that employed this method (Clark and Cao); the general result obtained by Clark and Cao revealed comparable patterns of nucleotide vairation to those observed at a gene encoding a protein involved in immune recognition (MHC locus; presented in lecture). What are the different types of nucleotides sites used in these studies, ii) what are neutral predictions regarding the level of variation and divergence at these nucleotide sites, and iii) how do the data reveal a significant departures from neutrality. (10 points ·= 59).

7. The figure below illustrates the response of corn to selection for high or low oil content. At about generation 41 there is a noticeable "blip" in both the low line and in the high line; in the preceding generation random mating was allowed among individuals from within a line. At about generation 48, both the high line and the low lines were subjected to "reverse" selection (selection for the alternative oil content). i) What does the "blip" in oil content tell you about the linkage relationship between genes for oil content and genes for viability? ii) what do the responses to reverse selection tell you about the heritabily values for oil content in the high vs. the low line? (12 points ·= 71)

8. In 1965 Knud Sick studied a hemoglobin polymorphism in the codfish, Gadus morhua. He obtained genotype data for 1000 fish from three different regions indicated in the map and table below. F and S are alleles (for Fast vs. Slow migration of alleles in gel electrophoresis)

Region FF FS SS

Area 1 40 320 640

Area 2 640 320 40

Area 3 340 320 340

A) What can you infer about the patterns of mating within each of the three regions. B) How do the data allow you to discriminate between migration and gene flow among the three regions. C) Provide an explanation for the pattern of genotype frequencies in Region 3. Clearly justify your answers qualitatively and quantitatively. (15 points; ·= 86).

9. Below are some actual data on hemoglobin allele frequencies observed in West African populations. Determine the relative fitnesses of the genotypes, and the average fitness of the population. Note that there are three alleles, A, S and C. (14 points ·= 100)