References

 

Introduction

Orth-Gomer, K. New light on the Yentl syndrome. Eur Heart J. 2000 Jun;21(11):874-5.

Travis, Cheryl Brown. 2004 Carolyn Sherif Award Address: Heart Disease and Gender Inequity. Psychology of Women Quarterly. March 2005; 29 (1): 15-23.

 

Brown Poll

American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2005 Update. Dallas, Tex: American Heart Association. 30 April 2005 <http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=1928>

 

History Page

Ahmed, SB et al. Gender bias in cardiovascular advertisements. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. 2004 Nov;10(4):531-538.

Arnold , AL et al. Sex and race differences in electrocardiogram use (the national hospital ambulatory medical care survey). American Journal of Cardiology. 1 November 2001;88(9):1037-40.

Ayanian, JZ, Epstein AM. Differences in the use of procedures between women and men hospitalized for coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1991 Jul 25; 325(4):221-5.

Birdwell BG et al. Evaluating chest pain. The patient's presentation style alters the physician's diagnostic approach. Arch Intern Med. 1993 Sep 13;153(17):1991-5.

Chandra , NC et al. Observations of the treatment of women in the United States with myocardial infarction: a report from the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction-I. Arch Intern Med. 1998 May 11;158(9):981-8.

Dagres, N et al. Significant gender-related differences in radiofrequency catheter ablation therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Sep 17;42(6):1103-7.

Gorman, Christine. “The No.1 Killer of Women.” Time Magazine. 28 April 2003. 161(17): 60.

Harris DJ, Douglas PS. Enrollment of women in cardiovascular clinical trials funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343: 475–480.

Jha , AK et al. Differences in medical care and disease outcomes among black and white women with heart disease. Circulation. 2003 Sep 2;108(9):1089-94.

Legato MJ, Padus E, Slaughter E. Women's perceptions of their general health, with special reference to their risk of coronary artery disease: results of a national telephone survey. J Women’s Health. 1997 Apr;6(2):189-98.

Mosca, L et al. National study of physician awareness and adherence to cardiovascular disease prevention guidelines. Circulation. 2005 Feb 1;111(4):499-510.

Rathore, SS et al. Sex differences in cardiac catheterization: the role of physician gender. JAMA. 2001 Dec 12;286(22):2849-56.

Roberts, Barabara H. “Gender-Specific Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease, Dyslipidemia, and Arrhythmias.” PowerPoint Presentation. April 2005.

Roberts, Barbara H. How to Keep from Breaking Your Heart: What Every Woman Needs to Know About Cardiovascular Disease. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2004.

Schulman KA et al. The effect of race and sex on physicians' recommendations for cardiac catheterization. N Engl J Med. 1999 Feb 25;340(8):618-26.

Tobin, JN et al. “Sex bias in considering coronary bypass surgery.” Annals of Internal Medicine. 1987 July 107(1): 19-25.

Wenger, NK. You've come a long way, baby: cardiovascular health and disease in women: problems and prospects. Circulation. 2004 Feb 10;109(5):558-60.

American Heart Association. “Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2005 Update.” Dallas, Tex: American Heart Association. 30 April 2005 <http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=1928>.

“Background on Clinical Trials Legislation.” Society for Women’s Health Research. 18 April 2005 <http://www.womenshealthresearch.org/policy/issues_clin_bg.htm>.

“Go Red for Women Weekly Pulse 01/31/2005.” American Heart Association. <http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3028562>.

“The Heart Truth: A Campaign About Heart Disease in Women.” National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. <http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/hearttruth/>.

 

Symptom Presentation Page

Hochman JS, Tamis JE, Thompson TD et al. Sex, clinical presentation, and outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 226-32

Knopp RH. Estrogen, female gender, and heart disease. In: Topol EJ, ed. Textbook of Cardiovascular Disease. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 1998:195-218.

Mark DB. Sex bias in cardiovascular care: should women be treated more like men [editorial]? JAMA. 2000;283:659-661.

Olson JD, Edmundowicz D, Becker DJ, et al. Coronary calcium in adults with type 1 diabetes: a stronger correlate of clinical coronary artery disease in men than in women. Diabetes. 2000;49: 1571-1578

Swahn E. The Care of Patients with Ischaemic Heart Disease from a Gender Perspective. European Heart Journal 1998; 19: 1760

 

Comorbidity Page

Howard BV , for the Strong Heart Study Investigators. Adverse effects of diabetes on multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors in women: the Strong Heart Study. Diabetes Care. 1998;21: 1258-1265.

Natarajan S, Liao Y, Cao G, Lipsitz SR, and McGee DL. Sex Differences in Risk for Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Associated With Diabetes and Established Coronary Heart Disease. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163: 1738

Rentrop KP, Thornton JC, Feit F, Van Buskirk M. Determinants and protective potential of coronary arterial collaterals as assessed by an angioplasty model. Am J Cardiol. 1988;61:677-684

Sowers JR Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease in Women. Arch Intern Med. 1998; 158: 618

Turner RC, Millns H, Neil HAW, et al. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group (UKPDS23). BMJ. 1998;316:823-828.

 

Mortality Page

American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2005 Update. Dallas, Tex: American Heart Association. 30 April 2005 <http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=1928>

Vaccarino V, Abramson JL, Veledar E, Weintraub WS. Sex Differences in Hospital Mortality After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. Circulation. 2002; 105:1176-1181

Vaccarino V, Krumholz HM, Yarzebski J, Gore J, and Goldberg RJ. Sex Differences in 2-Year Mortality after Hospital Discharge for Myocardial Infarction. Ann Intern Med. 2001; 134:173-181

 

Lifestyle

American Heart Association. April 2005. <http://www.americanheart.org/>

Heart Healthy Women. April 2005. <http://www.hearthealthywomen.org/>

Misperception Page

Doyal L. Integration of Gender into Coronary Heart Disease Research. Global Forum for Health Research. Forum 8, Mexico City, Nov. 2004

 

Physician’s Attitude Page

Ruth Thurau . Perceived gender bias in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Journal of Vascular Nursing. Volume 15, Issue 4 , December 1997: 124-127

Tobin JN, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Wexler J, Steingart RM, Budner N, Lense L, and Wachspress J. Sex Bias in Considering Coronary Bypass Surgery. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1987; 107: 19-25

 

Therapy Options

Lecture Notes, Michael J. Lysaght PhD. Lecture, Brown University, 16 February 2005.

Lecture Notes, Michael J. Lysaght PhD. Lecture, Brown University, 23 February 2005.

Labor Law Talk. April 2005. <http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Hormone_replacement_therapy>

Medline Plus. US National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health. April 2005 <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007111.htm>

NHS Direct. National Health Service. April 2005 <http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/en.asp?TopicID=248&AreaID=4534&LinkID=3609>

International


American Heart Association, “International Cardiovascular Disease Statistics”
<http://www.americanheart.org>, updated in 2005

“A Race Against Time: The Challenge of Cardiovascular Disease in Developing Economies,” Released at Columbia University’s Earth Institute on April 26, 2004
<http://www.earthinstitute.columbia.edu/news/2004/images/raceagainsttime_FINAL_0410404.pdf>

Roberts, B. “Women and Cardiovascular Disease: A Global Perspective.” June 15, 2004. <http://www.procor.org>

Walsh, B. “Asia’s War With Heart Disease.” Time May 5, 2004. Web exclusive.
<http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,632135,00.html>

 

Development and Technology

Connolly MW. New Approaches to Redo-coronary Bypass Grafting. Am Heart Hosp J. 2003 Spring; 1(2):158-63

Swahn E. The Care of Patients with Ischaemic Heart Disease from a Gender Perspective. European Heart Journal 1998; 19:1758-1765

 

Glossary Sources

Biology-Online.org. April 2005 <http://www.biology-online.org>

Dictionary.com. April 2005 <http://www.dictionary.com>

Roberts, Barbara H. How to Keep From Breaking Your Heart. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc., 2004.

Wikipedia. April 2005 <http://www.wikipedia.org>